Role of an Effective Manager

Job of an Effective Manager Presentation In this appraisal I examine the basic investigation job of a compelling supervisor, Kotter model, un model, interviews, talk with connection with un model, our self-contrast and un model, examination of meetings and end. Basic investigation job of a successful supervisor Directors assume various jobs in advancing associations, including pioneer, moderator, nonentity, contact, and communicator. A chairman ought to be a better than average pioneer. While a director sifts through and organizes, s/he ought to in like manner move delegates with a fantasy for the affiliation. A head ought to be a convincing go between. Right when affiliations are making or encountering change, the manager is normally required to talk with contenders, brief laborers, suppliers, and delegates. An executive must be a nice obscure who reinforces the crucial vision of a relationship to delegates, customers, and various accomplices. A chief should be a reasonable communicator and contact between laborers, customers, and various executives of the affiliation. Supervisors have an imperative impact in an affiliations improvement and progression. Legitimate advancement is a stunning procedure, particularly in greater relationship with more lethargy. Affiliations are essentially a gathering of moving parts: convincing each individual, with her/his stand-out blessings and motivation, to adjust course simultaneously (and in a comparable heading) is by and large testing, and requires extraordinarily effective administrators with significantly made social capacities. Administrators must achieve more than recognize change: they should support the transformative methodology. In these conditions, affiliations require a chairman who can fulfill a couple of parts, including pioneer, referee, nothing worth mentioning, and communicator. In every one of these parts, chairman will most likely assistance laborers through the change with the smallest possible number of disputes and issues. Kotters Change model There is a lot of theory about how change. Many beginning with the instructor authority and organization change, John Kotter. An instructor at Harvard Business School and broadly acclaimed ace of alteration, change Kotter presents his eight phases in setting up his 1995 book, Driving change. We investigate its eight phases to drive change beneath. Stage 1: Create Urgency Stage 2: Form a Powerful Coalition Stage 3: Create a Vision for Change Stage 4: Communication the Vision Stage 5: Remove Obstacles Stage 6: Create Short-Term Wins Stage 7: Build on the Change Stage 8: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture UN model PROFILE OF AN EFFECTIVE MANAGER For Managerial Excellence in the United Nations Introduction his profile describes fruitful authoritative execution inside the setting of the Joined Nations. It relies upon the doubt that offering little appreciation to their degree of commitment inside the affiliation, the describing typical for feasible man-agers is that they achieve comes to fruition, and that they do as such with the full commitment of a presented and prodded staff or gathering of accomplices. the authoritative feasibility show The model describes both what a reasonable chief does, and what he/she achieves. It considers calculates that influence sufficiency, including the outside condition wherein a boss works, his/her individual capacity, culture and experience Inquiries QUESTIONS What business are/the place you in? To what extent been working in this field? How fruitful was/is the business? How could you help this achievement of the business? What do you do when individuals start a vocation? What do you think makes a decent chief? How would you develop yourself as a chief? Do you have any guidance for somebody going into the executives? DREW INTERVIEW 1. He is work for MG marketings they flexibly vegetables and natural product around the Waikato 2. He is working in mg from most recent 17 years. 3. They a crossed 7 digit business a year ago. 4. Ensure new food flexibly to vegetables shops and grocery stores. 5. He lets us know right off the bat Induction, how we run, how to do tasks and first beginning from base. 6. Genuine clarify the employments keep on eye each body 7. He disclose to us he go to courses and workshops and by utilizing relational abilities. 8. He propose care for your staff and great correspondence. Investigation DREW INTERVIEW WITH UN MODEL I investigation the drew meet with un model and I saw that attracted is excellent to compose the entire association and deal with the staff. He likewise has regard for assorted variety in light of the fact that in mg there are numerous specialists has a place with various culture and nation. He is put stock in collaboration and great correspondence. PRIVINDA INTERVIEW She is working in bistro 7 days every week. She deals with the staff and provider. She is working over yonder from most recent 15 years. She reveals to us exceptionally effective business from scarcely any years. To maintain the business she did numerous changes, proceeding onward and changes as per monetary condition. She reveals to us when new staff start the activity right off the bat did direction program and enlistment and so forth. She imagines that to makes a decent director motivation, inspiration and cooperation are significant. She improves our self as a director by look forward and consistently gains from botches. She propose that energy for what you doing, enthusiasm to lead and great correspondence expertise. Investigation PRIVINDA INTERVIEW WITH UN MODEL I investigation the Privinda meet with UN model and I broke down that Privinda is awesome to deal with the staff and provider. She puts stock in collaboration and dynamic. She makes changes as per circumstance and financial condition. She additionally has confidence in innovativeness and advancement. Correlation our self with UN model Qualities clarification Uprightness 6 Polished methodology 7 Regard for assorted variety 9 Passionate Competence Mindfulness 6 Fearlessness 6.5 Passionate discretion 3 Honesty 6 Hopefulness 6.5 Accomplishment direction 7 Sympathy 8 Caution 7 Applied skill Utilization of ideas 6 Framework thinking 6.5 Example acknowledgment 7 Specialized/substances fitness Information and data 7 Information and system 6 Information sharing 7.5 Instructing and creating others 6.5 Constant learning and improvement 7 Page 7 Overseeing individuals Correspondence 6.5 Cooperation 7 Inspiration 6 Overseeing singular execution 7 Overseeing activities and change Activity and change the executives 6 Dynamic 5.5 Imagination and advancement 5 Customer direction 7 Results direction 8 Overseeing across hierarchical limits Hierarchical mindfulness 6,5 Building systems and partnerships 7 Impacting 6 Reflection on meet I felt energized and I saw numerous similitudes and contrasts. As indicated by my perspective chiefs information relies on our field and experience. I learn parcel of things after these meetings like who we become a decent trough and achievement keys. Next time I might want to include some more inquiries and all the more expertly. Examination of Interviews Similitudes: first closeness is the two directors advocate the collaboration, trustworthiness and humbleness. Distinction: the two supervisors have diverse sort of experience and information identified with our field. I saw that non-verbal communication of the two supervisors is extraordinary. What I would do next time? It is my first meeting and I adapt heaps of things after these meetings. I felt that I have deficiency of essential inquiry in this way, In my next meeting I might want to include some more inquiries and be expertly. End In this appraisal I examined and fundamentally investigation the job of a compelling chief, kotter model, UN model, drew and privinda meet and furthermore examination with UN model contrast our self and UN model, self-reflection, thoroughly analyze and what I might want to do next time. I gain proficiency with the parcel of things that are useful to turn into a decent supervisor. References Source: Boundless. The Role of the Manager in an Evolving Organization. Endless Management Boundless, 31 May. 2016. Recovered 08 Jan. 2017 Â https://hr.un.org/locales/hr.un.org/documents/Profile%20of%20an%20Effective%20Manager_0.pdf

Ancient Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam Essay

Old Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam - Essay Example On the establishments of a similar conviction, Socrates contends that the spirits of thinkers and intelligent people will join the spirits of divinities numerous thousand years before the appearance of the customary people because of the very reality that the philosophers’ spirits are far refined and wonderful than those of general pu...blic, and keep away from bad habit and malevolence allurements by controlling their wants and demoralizing their desire. Consequently, Socrates has characterized and decided the way and position of soul in his thoughtful thoughts, which are being embraced and affirmed by the future rationalists throughout the previous a few centuries to come. Socrates has additionally explained franticness in his subsequent discourse, where he contends that it is frenzy that urges enticement of adoration, kinship and even sexual wants. He is of the conclusion that sexual relations among man and kid must be created based on obvious sentiments of adoration, rathe r than minor desire and for the satisfaction of lustful wants as it were. Such kind of deceitful connections will break shared regard between the coach and student, and each affiliation will look for its association in narrow-mindedness and realism. Thus, the extraordinary savant, in a pithy way, portrays that the lewd wants are a basic piece of human sense, which can be controlled however couldn't be stifled by and large. Here Socrates maybe implies feelings and energy proportional to franticness; it is in this way he refers to the sun-god Apollo, the Seven Muses, and the gather and fruitfulness god Dionysus and the adoration god Aphrodite, nature and type of the outflows of affection are distinctive for all the four, he submits. While clarifying the idea of Eros, in his discourse, Socrates submits to express that Eros or desire has heading association with human spirit. It is soul that draws in towards Eros for one way or the other. By one way or another, rationalists have control to oppose the headways of sexual wants especially if there should arise an occurrence of pederasty, where a grown-up male is entranced by the excellence of a young. The ruler of divine beings Zeus had additionally experienced frenzy out of the sheer and total excellence of the Trojan youthful sovereign Ganymede, and he had resigned the adolescent for his sexual wants and love as well. In any case, in contrast to playing out a similar demonstration of relinquishing a delightful individual for one’s reason, the philosophers’ soul control the franticness and wants, and hence ends up being refined and magnificent in nature and acts. In addition, Socrates has additionally illuminated talk in his last discourse, where as opposed to disheartening the legislators to participate recorded as a hard copy exercises, Socrates permits them to do likewise and subsequently read, compose and convey the addresses. In any case, rather than being mean and second rate, the composition and topic ought to be amazing and refined one. Consequently, making an

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes Maariyah Iqbal  INTRODUCTION In this part, the foundation of the difficult will be introduced. This will be trailed by the examination issue just as the specific reason and question, explicitly featuring why the theme territory picked is of incredible intrigue. 1.1 Background The National Health Service (NHS) gives medicinal services to all residents inside the United Kingdom (UK) and it is supported by charges; the center standards of the NHS are to address the issues of everybody and it depends on a patients clinical need(s) and not on their capacity to pay (Slee et al., 2008). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2017 gives direction on the best way to advance great wellbeing just as counteraction and treatment of wellbeing. The NHS in England gets more than 1 million patients around like clockwork, and this association utilizes over an expected of 1.5 million individuals making it to one of the main five universes biggest workforces (NHS Choices, 2016). In spite of the accomplishment of the administrations of the NHS there is more work expected to keep on improving administrations and convey care (NHS Improvement, 2015). In this manner, the NHS keeps on staying under tension as there are further increments popular for care (NHS Improvement, 2015). This implies an expanded interest though wellbeing couldn't care less experts, including Radiographers. The interest for administrations implies expanded holding up times, may prompt expanded work pressure. To improve administrations the branch of wellbeing set a continuous standard for the NHS where the patient goes through four hours or less in the Accident and Emergency (AE) from appearance to confirmation or release (House of center, 2005). Notwithstanding, a report from the Kings Fund (2016) shows that AE offices are taking off to 6,000,000 patients joining in, this is putting a gigantic strain on administrations making it hard to meet this objective. Information from the preparation paper from Houses of Parliament (Appendix 1) show that in certain territories, for example, Greater London and Manchester there was 26-32% of patients that hung tight for over four hours. Expanded requests of work keep on leaving the NHS under tension as there are further increments sought after for care, and issues with having the option to release medicinally fit patients (NHS Improvement, 2015). Separated from the quarterly information outline issue (2008), in England one of the principle issues encompassing releasing of patients is that they are as yet anticipating consequences of tests and release structures are not being finished in time (NHS England, 2015). Great arranging concerning releasing is basic as it will improve tolerant stream and good, and can likewise diminish the odds of patients being readmitted once more (Family Caregiver Alliance, 2016). The division of wellbeing advances ten working standards concerning releasing, one of which is the multidisciplinary group cooperating to design care, and settle on choices on the procedure and timing of releasing (Nursing Standard, 2010). Experts can expand their jobs past their extent of training, and can be additionally prepared to add to releasing of patients which can ease weights of other staff in the AE division, for example, specialists. Research additionally taken from (Graysons, no date) indicated that a hunt search by the NHS Litigation Authority for depictions of disappointment/defer determination or mistaken conclusion in 2014/15. The consequences of the reaction appeared, 183 notices of cracks. This featured error of pictures was likewise one of the variables of deferred release. With regards to clinical imaging, radiographers providing details regarding pictures is settled in the UK and it makes a significant commitment to clinical imaging administrations and commitment to multidisciplinary care (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). An examination was done by Snaith (2007) whereby three revealing radiographers were prepared to release patients or allude to AE (Accident Emergency) for additional evaluation. The outcomes were critical and demonstrated that that 1760 assessments were surveys, 5% of these were released and 2% were alluded. Notwithstanding, the quantity of patients reviewed because of off base understanding was diminished by 52% in those 4 months contrasted and the past 3 years information (The College of Radiographers, 2017). This shows Radiographers can broaden their job inside clinical imaging administrations, yet in addition outside of their specialization by adding to the administration of patients and diminishing the danger of radiographic confusion. At first, radiographers produce great pictures of the body, screen for variations from the norm and participate in careful assessments to distinguish and analyze injury and illness (The National Careers Service, 2016). In this manner, having the option to recognize ordinary and unusual appearances that are apparent on pictures is one of the norms that ought to be met by a radiographer (HCPC, 2017). The red dab framework is actualized by radiographers in crisis divisions to feature intense variations from the norm. Radiography Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS) is one of the manners by which radiographers decipher pictures delivered. They can make an underlying translation on pictures acquired which gives them a proactive job in the demonstrative procedure, and helps specialists in the right understanding of radiographic pictures (SoR, no date). Notwithstanding, in spite of there being a set standard for radiographers to meet. Clinical imaging administrations are feeling the squeeze year on year as radiographers are required to upgrade the nature of the picture, profitability, which is troublesome due to staffing levels (Beardmore, 2013). Moreover, these risky territories can have a thump on impact on other critical zones inside the NHS, for example, oversight of recently qualified and understudies that are preparing there. After research, the creator has discovered that there is a variety in of preparing in emergency clinics and college, as the time that understudies spend on clinical position has seen as various. The University of Leeds (2017) half of the course is in clinical position, in any case, understudies at the Birmingham City University (2017) burn through 35% of their seminar on clinical arrangement. This features there is a variety in clinical position and this could influence the new registrants that may not be similarly skillful once qualified or even meet a specific edge. At last, all understudies must satisfy explicit guidelines so as to get their Health and care callings board (HCPC) enrollment to have the option to become and function as a recently qualified radiographer (the Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). The HCPC is an autonomous controller, it manages 15 different callings other than radiographers, they are set up to ensure the general population by keeping up a register of each one of those that hold the secured title of social laborer, with the goal that registrants practice securely, legitimately and viably (University of Bedfordshire, 2017). The HCPC set norms, endorse courses that satisfy those guidelines, register the individuals who pass the courses and clinical abilities, and hold them to their measures. Corresponding to indicative radiography, they set norms of capability for all radiographers which set out sheltered and powerful practice, it covers territories inside and out; along these lines, all radiographers ought to have the option to keep up wellness and practice (Health and Care Professions Council, 2013), this is expounded on further from on area 3 to 3.3 (Appendix 2). It is crucial that all guidelines that are examined and referenced, are met so as to have the option to get the enlistment. Moreover, when qualified and enlisted under the HCPC; a recently qualified radiographer is upheld on their activity job by a time of preceptorship. In spite of the fact that there is no characterized time of preceptorship it is support for those that have recently qualified. It is a time of adjustment to a vocation job, combining information and aptitudes till the individual in question can function as a self-governing radiographer. (The Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). In addition, as there is a lack of staff as the NHS staff study led in 2013 that indicated that the staff expressed that they felt under tension and over worked, as they were working additional hours expanding from 69.7% to 70.5% from the earlier year (UNISON, 2014). This features preparing understudies, or in any event, supporting staff inside an association can be troublesome as staff can be troublesome due to personnel shortages and work pressures. Be that as it may, from investigate the creator has discovered that an expansion of patients will mean an expansion in the range and capacity of clinical pictures which will ensuing necessities of preparing radiographers to securely broaden their jobs. In addition, beginning preparing whereby it prompts either job expansion, or proceeding with proficient improvement are necessary to radiographic practice (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). Radiographers are relied upon to expand on their postgraduate capabilities and clinical directors are urged to insert this utilization of learning device in radiographers self-awareness audits (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). In setting, of this radiographer can expand their jobs by Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS). RADS permits radiographers to red speck pictures which put a blemish on the picture recommending there is a variation from the norm present (Carver and Carver, 2012). Accordingly, making it simpler for the clinician/referrer to see when providing details regarding it. Having the option to execute RADS can assist with decreasing blunders and improve exactness (Chan, 2007). The point of this framework is to help crisis divisions, particularly when there is a defi ciency of staff, for example, radiologists that do the revealing which helps area of the irregularity to be remarked on sooner (Coelho and Rodrigues, no date). The premise of the issue around RADS will presently be additionally examined, which will have the option to give a knowledge of the reason for this exploration. 1.1 Research Problem R

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 1898, the US was battling the Spanish-American War and possessing Cuba as a component of its inclusion in keeping up the island’s newly discovered freedom. When the war was finished, the US despite everything needed to keep up impact in Cuba. So as to accomplish this, the Platt Amendment was passed. Peruse this manual for realize what the Platt Amendment incorporates, why it was made, what significant dates are related with it, and how its effects live on today, including how it prompted the making of Guantanamo Bay. What Is the Platt Amendment? In least difficult terms, the Platt Amendment was a bargain between the United States and Cuba that built up rules for US-Cuban relations. The US needed to keep up impact in Cuba to secure its inclinations there, yet Cubans were careful about being heavily influenced by another outside force after as of late picking up freedom from Spain. The Platt Amendment was an endeavor to mollify the two nations. The Platt Amendment set conditions under which the US would end its military control of Cuba yet in addition conceded the US the option to include itself in Cuban issues so as to secure Cuban freedom. The Platt Amendment was drafted by Elihu Root, who was Secretary of State at that point, and in 1901 it was introduced to the Senate by Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut as a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Bill. (Riders are here and there likewise alluded to as changes, which is the reason it is known as the Platt Amendment.) The Platt Amendment put some truly severe limitations on Cuba. It gave the United States essentially boundless capacity to mediate in any Cuban undertaking to safeguard Cuban autonomy, kept Cuba from moving any of its property to any nation other than the United States, constrained Cuba’s option to arrange settlements, gave the US rights to a maritime base in Cuba (what is currently Guantanamo Bay). It was hesitantly acknowledged by Cuba, who revised their Constitution to incorporate it. There were seven articles in the Platt Amendment, and the Cuban government needed to consent to every one of them before the US pulled back its soldiers from the island and perceived Cuban sway. Here are the articles of the Platt Amendment: Article I. The Government of Cuba will never go into any settlement or other smaller with any remote force or powers which will disable or will in general weaken the autonomy of Cuba, nor in any way approve or license any outside force or powers to get by colonization or for military or maritime purposes, or something else, lodgment in or authority over any segment of said island. Article II. The Government of Cuba will not accept or get any open obligation to pay the enthusiasm whereupon, and to make sensible sinking-support arrangement for a definitive release of which, the common incomes of the Island of Cuba, in the wake of settling the present costs of the Government, will be lacking. Article III. The Government of Cuba assents that the United States may practice the option to intercede for the conservation of Cuban freedom, the support of a legislature satisfactory for the insurance of life, property, and individual freedom, and for releasing the commitments as for Cuba forced by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, presently to be expected and attempted by the Government of Cuba. . . . Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, to the extent fundamental, expand the plans previously contrived, or different designs to be commonly settled upon, for the sanitation of the urban communities of the island, to the end that a repeat of pandemic and irresistible maladies might be forestalled, in this manner guaranteeing assurance to the individuals and business of Cuba, just as to the trade of the Southern ports of the United States and the individuals living therein.... Article VII. To empower the United States to keep up the autonomy of Cuba, and to secure the individuals thereof, just as for its own guard, the Government of Cuba will sell or rent to the United States lands essential for coaling or maritime stations, at certain predetermined focuses, to be settled upon with the leader of the United States. What Led to the Creation of the Platt Amendment? The Platt Amendment came to fruition because of the Spanish-American War, which happened in 1898. During the about four months that the war kept going, the United States had an enormous military nearness in Cuba, which it was prepared to use to secure the US against Spanish assaults and ensure US financial premiums in Cuba. The day preceding the US entered the Spanish-American War, the Teller Amendment was passed by Congress. President William McKinley gave a discourse requesting that Congress permit the US to utilize its maritime and military powers to assist Cuba with accomplishing freedom, and Congress concurred yet additionally passed the Teller Amendment, which set cutoff points on the US’s inclusion. The Teller Amendment expressed that the US couldn’t attach Cuba. Rather, the US needed to assist Cuba with accomplishing stable autonomy, at that point pull back its soldiers from the island once that had been accomplished. This mollified Congressional feelings of trepidation that President McKinley was planning to attach Cuba. In any case, three years after the Spanish-American War was finished and Cuba was autonomous, the US despite everything had troops in Cuba. The US didn’t need to put its military and monetary interests in danger by having Cuba dive into confusion during self-lead or be vanquished by another outside nation. They chose to keep up a solid job in Cuban undertakings until they accepted their inclinations would be protected. In light of the Teller Amendment (which essentially said the US needed to assist Cuba with accomplishing freedom and afterward leave), the Platt Amendment was drafted as an approach to guarantee the US could keep up a level of power over Cuba until they were sure the nation was steady and their inclinations would be ensured. Key Dates for the Platt Amendment The following are on the whole the key dates you have to know for occasions that occurred previously, during, and after the Platt Amendment was agreed upon. February 24th, 1895-February fifteenth, 1898: The Cuban War of Independence is battled among Cuba and Spain. The last months grow into the Spanish-American war. February fifteenth, 1898: The American war vessel USS Maine, which was docked in Havana, detonates under puzzling conditions, murdering 258 individuals. The US censures Spain for the blast which prompts the Spanish-American War. April twentieth, 1898: The Teller Amendment is passed. April 21st - August thirteenth, 1898: The Spanish-American War is battled among Spain and the United States December tenth, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is agreed upon. Spain consents to allow freedom to Cuba, and surrenders the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico the United States. Walk second, 1901: The Platt Amendment is passed. December 25th, 1901: Cuba revises its constitution to incorporate the whole Platt Amendment May 22nd, 1903: Cuba and the US consent to the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903. In addition to other things, this bargain permits the US to intercede in Cuban issues and rent land for maritime bases on the island. September 1906 - February 1909: Second Occupation of Cuba. The Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903 is utilized to legitimize US military powers involving Cuba so as to ensure American financial interests and build up another Cuban government. May 29th, 1934: As a major aspect of FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy, the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1934 is marked, canceling a large portion of the Platt Amendment (everything with the exception of US right to a maritime base in Cuba). 1940: The Platt Amendment is disposed of from the new Cuban constitution during the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940. What Are the Lasting Effects of the Platt Amendment? The Cuban government was hesitant to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, as they had quite recently gotten free and didn’t need to be constrained by another remote force. Despite the fact that it was in the long run endorsed, it caused a great deal of hatred among Cubans towards America. Numerous history specialists likewise accept that the Platt Amendment really wound up causing greater flimsiness in Cuba, including adding to the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s. The Platt Amendment stayed as a result until 1934, when US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy revoked most of the change in light of a flood in Cuban hatred. In any case, one specification of the Platt Amendment remained: the US was permitted to keep working its maritime base Guantanamo Bay. The Good Neighbor Policy expressed that the US reserved the privilege to work its maritime base until the two contracting parties consent to the adjustment or revocation of the specifications of the understanding with respect to the rent to the United States of America for coaling and maritime stations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Because the US hasn’t consented to any changes, , Guantanamo Bay stays open right up 'til the present time and has been a main consideration in molding current Cuban-American relations. Rundown: Platt Amendment APUSH The Platt Amendment was one of the most significant occasions in Cuba-US relations. A basic Platt Amendment definition is that it a correction went in 1901 that gave rules that permitted the US to keep up impact in Cuba after Cuba accomplished autonomy. What did the Platt Amendment do? It gave the US the option to have a maritime base in Cuba, mediate in Cuban issues, and control Cuba’s concurrences with different nations, in addition to other things. In spite of the fact that the Platt revision was made to ensure US interests in Cuba, it was generally disliked in Cuba and was almost finished canceled in 1934, despite the fact that the US maritime base Guantanamo Bay is still in activity in Cuba. What's Next? Composing an exploration paper for school however not certain what to compose about?Our manual for investigate paper themes has more than 100 points in ten classifications so you can make certain to discover

being a geek works out

“being a geek works out…” Stealing a page from Meliss book, check out this awesome article about a UROP that appeared in yesterdays Boston Globe, New Englands major newspaper. Figuring ways to go faster with the flow By Phil McKenna, Globe Correspondent | April 10, 2006 Undergraduate Mark Cote at MITs Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel, where he tests cyclists positions and new cycling equipment. (Globe Staff Photo / Bill Greene) Mark Cote, a researcher at the MIT Center for Sports Innovation, has an impressive list of clients from Tour de France stage winners to some of North Americas leading bicycle manufacturers. Now the wind tunnel specialist plans to use his expertise in fluid dynamics to develop and, he hopes, patent his own advances in aerodynamic cycling gear. Not bad, considering that Cote, 21, is still an undergraduate. A competitive cyclist since eighth grade, Cote, who wears a yellow Livestrong bracelet a nod to cycling superstar Lance Armstrong came to MIT seeking an outlet for his passion. I didnt know if there was a wind tunnel at MIT, but if there was, I wanted to put bikes in it, Cote recalled. Two weeks after arriving on campus his freshman year, he became the bike specialist for the Center for Sports Innovation, whose mission is to involve undergraduates in the development of improved sports equipment. Kim Blair, the centers director, said he was looking for a senior to fill the position but was won over by Cotes enthusiasm. Students that work for me who have a passion for sports particularly the sport they are working on tend to be far more productive, Blair, a former world-class triathlete and ex-NASA engineer, said. Last fall, equipment designers from Specialized, one of the leading high-end bicycle manufacturers, brought their latest prototypes to the universitys Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel for Cote to test. He hustled between the tunnel and a connecting monitoring room, blasting the companys latest prototypes with a constant 30-mile-per-hour gale while explaining the significance of each new data set to the Specialized team. One of the companys aero helmet prototypes yielded a whopping 13 percent reduction in the overall drag of bike and rider when compared with a rider wearing a regular helmet, Cote told them. In a 40 km time trial, thats two and half minutes and perhaps the difference between first place and fortieth place, he said. The company has since signed him on for an ongoing internship at their Morgan Hill, Calif., headquarters during winter and summer breaks. While equipment is important, Cote spends as much time helping athletes fine-tune their position on the bike. In the past three years, Cote has tested close to a dozen cyclists, including Ivan Basso, a favorite to win this years Tour de France. Cote gave Basso the wind tunnel treatment in the spring of 2004 when the young Italian rider was, as Cote puts it, just gaining his wings in the cycling world. The tests helped Basso shave 18 percent off his overall drag by doing simple things like raising his saddle and bringing his elbows closer together. The improvements helped vault Basso to a third-place finish in that years tour. Cote still wears a hat given to him by Bassos Computer Sciences Corp. cycling team. A mechanical engineering major, Cote takes a full load of coursework, including classes in marketing that he hopes to put to use developing his own streamlined gear. Not all of Cotes work is for the business world. An avid cyclist, he also keeps himself and his peers on the MIT cycling team streamlined on race day. His work appears to be paying off. Last year the team won the eastern collegiate conference title and dominated in time trial competitions races against the clock where increased aerodynamics can yield huge advantages. This year they are a favorite to win next months national championship. Its good to see that being a geek works out in the real world, Cote said. FACT SHEET Home: Born and raised in Sanford, Maine, now lives in MITs Delta Tau Delta fraternity. Family: Cote has two older brothers, Matt and Mike, who live in Bangor and Sanford, respectively. His parents also live in Sanford. Would rather be: Riding his bike. Latest challenge: Developing new aerodynamic biking gear and completing his senior thesis this semester, even though hes only a junior. Plans after college: Hopes to find a job in sports engineering. Most memorable wind tunnel experience: Nearly persuading professional cyclist Ivan Basso to shave his head bald to get rid of aerodynamic drag before the 2004 Tour de France. Wind tunnel trivia: The Wright Brothers Tunnel at MIT was completed in 1939 for airplane testing and ran two shifts per day through World War II. Today, it is only used about 20 times per year as most aeronautics work has shifted to computer simulation. The changing fluid dynamics of humans and their sporting goods, however, remain difficult to simulate on computer. MIT Links: Center for Sports Innovation Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel MIT Cycling Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP)

Sometimes kids know less than adults think

Cross-posted from Kitchen Table Math: A few nights ago, I was having dinner with a friend and her very smart fourteen year-old son. My friend told me the story of how her son, who is in eighth grade, had come home from school with an assignment to write an 8-10 page paper. The exceedingly nebulous instructions included brainstorming a guiding question and due dates for various drafts, but other than that, there was not one iota of specific information about how these thirteen and fourteen year-olds were supposed to go about writing the paper. Never mind high school, it looked like the assignment sheet for a college term paper. My friend, a teacher herself, was a bit concerned that the assignment was unclear and emailed his teacher. She couldnt figure out whether the paper was supposed to be thesis-driven or whether it was just a research project, but the teacher wouldnt give her a straightforward answer. She asked her son whether hed been given clearer instructions in class. He shook his head. Do you know whether you need to have a thesis, or is it just research? she asked. He shrugged. Wait, I said. M., do you know how to write a thesis? He hesitated and looked confused. What exactly do you mean by thesis?

The Main Aspects Of Politics - 1760 Words

One of the main aspects of politics is theory. A theory is a deep, abstract thought or speculation. Philosophers over the years have come up with many theories ranging from a variety of topics. Two of these philosophers, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, came up with their own theories that contributed to political theory. Locke was born in 1632 in the United Kingdom. His view on government was that every citizen involved in the society consents to the government once they have benefited from it. Locke focused his theory of private property in that it is important to society. Rousseau was born in Switzerland in 1712. His major belief was that a government is truly free if all citizens were able to speak out and have the right to vote.†¦show more content†¦The executive has the job of enforcing laws and has the power to carry out any sentence. They also have the power to fix details of legislation. Executive power is limited in the way that it cannot go beyond the limits of natural law. Natural law is the philosophy that certain rights are inherent to humans. Locke says that the law must be founded on the will of a superior. It must also perform the function of establishing rules of behavior, and be binding on humans. He believes that if a government oversteps their authority they forfeit their power to rule the people. This belief comes from Locke’s view on the government is a government of consent which means both parties are in agreement (Tannenbaum, 180) Rousseau disagreed with Locke’s view in many ways. Rousseau believed that the purpose of a government was to bring people into harmony and to unite them under the â€Å"General Will.† He denounces Locke’s belief in a representative democracy. Rousseau believes that sovereignty is unalienable, legislative power cannot be a legitimate form of power delegated to representatives. This power must be exercised by the entire population or there would be no republic. Rousseau also disagrees with Locke about who should be able to vote. He believes that no man should be excluded from participation in politics (Tannenbaum, 205). Rousseau fails to mention women, which can be implied that they may be excluded from participation. Rousseau believes in aShow MoreRelatedSimon Hix s The European Union1519 Words   |  7 Pageshis that he researches are, ‘European Union Politics and Policy, The EU legislative process and the European Parliament, Parties and elections and Rational choice theory’ (LSE, 2014). His primary aim when writing this book was to give readers an understanding of how the European Union, as a political system works and how the institutions within it function and why they function in the way that they do and this is the general field of the book. The main contribution the book is making is that theRead MoreSimon Hixs The European Union1519 Words   |  7 Pageshis that he researches are, ‘European Union Politics and Policy, The EU legislative process and the European Parliament, Parties and elections and Rational choice theory’ (LSE, 2014). His primary aim when writing this book was to give readers an understanding of how the European Union, as a political system works and how the institutions within it function and why they function in the way that they do and this is the general field of the book. The main contribution the book is making is that theRead MoreHow Democratic Is The American Consitution?1310 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How Democratic Is the American Consitution?† written by Robert A. Dahl is a novel that’s main purpose is to â€Å"suggest changes in the way we think about our constitution† (Dahl 2003, p.1). Robert A. Dahl revolves his book around a few questions. However, the main focus of all the questions are â€Å"why should we Americans uphold our constitution† (Dahl 2003, p.1)? This question is asked because he questions why we uphold something that was written more than two centuries ago. He also questions how democraticRead MoreDefinition Of Democracy And Governance1586 Words   |  7 Pagesclosed concept in theory as well as practice. Term â€Å"democracy and governance† are complicated and dynamic concepts in social sciences discipline. It has a long historical background and goes back to human history. Ancient Athens p olitics and their philosophy has provided main base for those concepts and practical perspectives. There is no a concrete definition or interpretation about democracy or governance. Many scholars have presented different kind of definitions and interpretations based on theirRead MoreWith Respect To The Concerning Question, There Has Been1473 Words   |  6 PagesStudy of Politics is a science. Aristotle described politics as the â€Å"master science†; Hobbs, Pollock, Bryce and many others have long considered Politics to be a scientific study. Inversely, Mosca, Comte and Maitland, among others, question its eligibility. †¨According to the Oxford Dictionaries, Science can be described as, â€Å"A systematically organised body of knowledge on a particular subject† where Science is split into two key types: natural and social. It can be claimed that Politics is a socialRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie House Of Cards 1448 Words   |  6 Pageslook at US politics. This is further proven by the fact that Frank Underwood thrives in this system. The main critiques of t he system come from the importance of the media and how public perception is a driving force in influencing politics, with many scandals making or breaking various politicians throughout the show. Another criticism is how modern politics has turned into its own version of Theater. Also, the show criticizes the lack of genuine democracy that is shown in current politics. AnotherRead MoreConflicts And Fusions Of The United States1189 Words   |  5 Pagesnorthern United State in the aspect of some main industries such as the economy, politics, and culture. And more to the point, this friction also got to the highlight during the period of the civil war. The differences between the south and the north can be divided into three parts. In the aspect of the economy, the northern United State took industry as the principal thing as the southern United State took plantation agriculture as the principal thing. Conflicts in the aspect of the economy were theRead MorePolicies and Politics of Government in Charge of a Public Agency646 Words   |  3 PagesPolicies and Politics of Government in Change of a Public Agency: Government policy can be described as the declaration that defines the objective of the priorities and goals of the government. Since these policies outline the rules, role, and procedures, they develop a framework in which the government and its citizens can carry out their specific duties. The public policies are created by all governmental levels and target the entire population or particular groups. The process of developingRead MoreInternational Relation Theories of Realism and Liberalism Essay534 Words   |  3 Pagesrealism in term ‎of, realist view on realism, types of realism and finally realism and the globalisation. ‎Secondly, will move on liberalism three main topics which are; liberalism, types of ‎liberalism and concludes with liberalism and how it effect globalisation. ‎ Realism is an international theory that state interest in international politics .the ‎basic reason to know about realism is that , many realism have inflict retrospectively ‎in term of inter war scholar .The Most attention of realistRead MoreIs Politics A Science?1058 Words   |  5 PagesIs politics a science in the first place? Numerous scholars believe politics is too normative to be considered a â€Å"Science† and that the generalizations made in science cannot be implemented in politics, furthermore, some say it is more of an art than science. Aristotle described politics as the â€Å"Master Science† as it relates to all other disciplines such as economy and philosophy. Personally I had my doubts in the beginning of the course of how much science can be in politics and if it is truly a

Wacquant - From Slavery to Mass Incarceration - Critique...

From Slavery to Mass Incarceration: Necessary Extremes Of the supplementary readings provided, I found â€Å"From Slavery to Mass Incarceration† by Loà ¯c Wacquant the most intriguing. This particular article is based on â€Å"rethinking the ‘race question’ in the US† and the disproportionate institutions set apart for African Americans in the United States. The volatile beginnings of African Americans presented obvious hardships for future advancement, but Wacquant argues that they still suffer from a form of modern slavery. Wacquant introduces four â€Å"peculiar institutions† that are responsible for the â€Å"control† of African Americans throughout United States history: chattel slavery, the Jim Crow system, the ghetto, and arguably the dark ghetto†¦show more content†¦However, Wacquant brings the term â€Å"inner city† to light, breaking down its meaning: â€Å"black and poor.† Living in Chicago gives one an exemplary example of the term â€Å"inner city† mean ing â€Å"poor, black ghettos.† The references to â€Å"inner city† schools being synonymous with â€Å"poor quality† and â€Å"mostly African American† are damaging to urban terminology and creating a predetermined perspective of those who call the â€Å"inner city† home. The â€Å"hypersegregation† of the city of Chicago is a topic within itself, but the institution of segregation is, without question, existent here. In addition, â€Å"inner city† is becoming a label which implies unavoidable incarceration. â€Å"As the walls of the ghetto shook and threatened to crumble, the walls of the prison were correspondingly extended, enlarged and fortified. . .† (Wacquant 2002:52). In his account, Wacquant implies that once ghettos began to disperse, American society required a new place for African Americans to reside: prison. Reading this article, one would never know that African Americans existed outside ghettos and prisons. The concept of African Americans in suburbia or anywhere of decent living standards is ignored completely. There is no dispute over the â€Å"racially skewed mass imprisonment† (Wacquant 2002:56) of black men and women, but not only African Americans inhabit ghettos and the â€Å"inner city.† However, the â€Å"centuries-old

Bilingual Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4235 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER ONE Introduction Over the course of time, major laws, policy documents and landmark decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court as well as other federal and state courts regarding bilingual education have shaped educational policy in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a response to Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), established the constitutional basis for the educational rights of language minority students. Within a decade, Title VI Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in federally funded programs. Subsequently cited in many court cases, it basically stated that a student has a right to meaningful and effective instruction. In 1974 the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the 1970 Memorandum regarding denial of access and participation in an educational program due to inability to speak or understand English. This action was the result of the Lau vs. Nichols class action suit brought by Chinese speaking students in San Francisco against the school district in 1974. There is no equality of treatment by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. The memorandum further affirmed that Basic English skills are at the very core of what public schools teach. Imposition of a requirement that, before a child can effectively participate in the educational program, he must already have acquired those basic skills is to make a mockery of public education (Lau vs. Nichols, 1974). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bilingual Education" essay for you Create order In accordance with what are known as the Lau Remedies, in 1975 the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) established some basic guidelines for schools with Limited English Proficient (LEP) students. Although there has been much change in terms of public policy, the ultimate challenge of implementation rests upon the teacher. Throughout the United States public school teachers are challenged to meet the needs of an ever-increasing number of English-language learner (ELL) population. By the turn of this last century, the population of students identified as limited English proficient (LEP) has grown exponentially. From 1995 to 2001 alone, the LEP population grew approximately 105% nationwide (Kindler, 2002). According to recent estimates there are 4.5 million LEP students are currently enrolled in K-12 public schools in the United States. U.S. Census Bureau estimates indicate a continued trend of linguistic diversification in the years ahead (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Due to a linguistic shift the student population is experiencing, the educational community has had to fix its focus upon multilingual classrooms, and research set in multilingual classrooms has risen in importance. While there are specialists who work with limited or non-English speaking students initially, the students integration into a m ultilingual i.e. mainstream classroom is essential. Hence, teacher attitudes are an important consideration in terms of relevant professional preparation. Statement of the Research Problem Despite the amount of research being conducted in regard to bi-lingual education, there is a lack of information in the educational community regarding teacher attitudes toward including English-language learners in mainstream classrooms. There exists a void in the area of research concerning mainstream teacher perspectives on ELL inclusion. As an array of societal attitudes develop regarding ELLs, so to do teacher attitudes. As members of the communities they live in, teachers cannot help but be influenced by dominant societal attitudes. When teachers internalize dominant societal messages, they bring them directly into their schools and classrooms. School administrators, other school staff and parents all internalize societal messages, creating a school ethos that mirrors that of the community and the dominant order of society at large (Walker, Schafer and Liams, 2004). Of particular interest to this researcher are the experiences of secondary teachers, especially within the Long Island region. Because this area, which despite its cultural diversity has received so little attention from the research community, the design of this study will be driven by the need to help remedy that paucity of research by examining secondary mainstream teacher attitudes and perceptions of ELL inclusion from a regional perspective. Purpose of the Research The general purpose of this study therefore has been to broaden the existing body of knowledge by identifying teacher perceptions of the impact of ELL inclusion upon their teaching, measure teachers perceived impact of inclusion on the teaching environment, and assess teacher attitudes concerning ELLs. This study also provides data which highlights areas which require attention or resolution. Research Questions Upon review of two studies, one by Reeves (2004), and another by Walker, Schafer and Liams (2004) of secondary teachers experiences with ELL inclusion, questions were developed to examine secondary teachers attitudes and perceptions of ELL inclusion in mainstream classes. Upon review of these studies four significant themes surfaced. The Reeves study, albeit larger in scale, provided a sound basis for this treatment. Those salient themes became the following research questions which have guided this study: 1. Inclusion in mainstream classes: What are teacher attitudes toward ELL inclusion in mainstream classes? 2. Modification of coursework for ELLs: What are teacher attitudes toward the modification of coursework for ELLs? 3. ESL professional development: What are teacher attitudes toward ESL professional development? 4. Teacher perceptions of second-language acquisition processes: What are teacher perceptions of second-language acquisition processes? (Reeves, 2004) Definition of Terms There are several terms that need to be defined for clarity of understanding. These are: Bi-lingual: The ability to speak two languages easily and naturally ESL: English as a second language ELL: English language learner, TESOL: Teaching English for speakers of other languages Mainstream: Mainstream in the context of education is a term that refers to classes and/or curricula common to the majority of students. Participants and Setting All subject-area teachers were from 3 district high schools within a 25 mile radius of this researcher have participated in the survey by mail. The faculties chosen for participation in the study were from the three high schools with the largest population of ESL students during the 2008-2009 school years. This was determined by use of public domain resources (www.city-data.com). High schools with the largest ESL student populations were identified to enable access to the largest number of teachers who had working with ESL-inclusive class loads. Participants were surveyed remotely via mail during the month of July 2009. CHAPTER TWO As an array of societal attitudes develop regarding ELLs, so to do teacher attitudes. Although there exists a void exists in the area of research concerning mainstream teacher perspectives on ELL inclusion, this review of the literature will provide a basis for further inquiry. Literature review According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2002), English Language Learners number over five million ELLs in the United States. This number has risen by 57% over the past ten years and shows no sign of slowing. Within the Long Island region (the focus area of this research), schools continue to experience steady growth in the number of LEP students. In 2007 the number of the students having limited English proficiency reached seven-year high. The appearance of these recent demographic changes requires increasingly greater self-examination within the educational community since teaching and learning is indeed a two-way exchange. The proliferation of professional literature throughout the educational community is evidence that the shifting demographic is being explored, and hopefully addressed in a number of ways. According to Ballyntyne, Sanderman and Levy (2008), more and more teachers of mainstream general education classes, who normally do not have special training in ESOL or bilingual education, are faced with the challenge of educating these children. While research exploring the perspective of ELLs is abundant (Cummins, 2000; Fu, 1995; Harklau, 1994, 1999, 2000; Lucas,1997; Lucas, Henze, Donato, 1990; Mace-Matluck, Alexander-Kasparik, Queen, 1998; Valdes, 2001), research concerning mainstream teacher perspectives on ELL inclusion strikingly absent. This section will examine the insights which can be gained from the existing research as a basis for further research. Attitudes Toward Inclusion Although there has been relatively little research in the area of teacher attitudes toward ELL inclusion, a number of qualitative studies exploring the schooling experiences of ELLs have, at least peripherally, addressed the subject. Those teachers chronicled in the studies were portrayed as holding negative, antipathetic attitudes (Fu, 1995; Olsen, 1997; Verplatse; Valdes, 1998, 2001). There were also some positive, welcoming attitudes noted however (Harklau, 2000; Reeves, 2004; Fu, 1995). Olson (1997) conducted an ethnographic study of a California high school, which had seen large demographic changes in a 20-year period. At the time of her research, the school population had shifted from 75 percent to 33 percent over a 20-year period. The remaining students were 26 percent Hispanic, 14 percent African American and 26 percent Asian. About half the students spoke a language other than English at home. The racial composition of the staff was mostly white. Based upon the study, Olsen concluded that typical to the process of Americanization, newcomers to these United States in our high schools undergo academic marginalization and separation. She asserts that there is pressure to become English-speaking and to drop ones native language in order to participate in the academic and social life of the high school. In his study, Fu (1995) concurs, observing that English teachers and untrained ESL tutors used methodologies and had attitudes which could be characterized as typical. Most showed strict adherence to curricular demands, appeared frustrated by the additional workload or lower standards the students possibly represented for them, and in the field of second language acquisition, lacked adequate understanding. Fu further noted that the teachers had low expectations, gave complicated explanations, lacked sufficient time, and used outdated approaches. Valdes (1998), who reached similar conclusions, observed four students within classroom interactions, interviewed school personnel, and conducted independent, formal assessments of Spanish and English language development at the beginning and end of each academic year when possible. Valdes (1998) argues that English language teaching for most immigrant students in the United States is ineffective because it is rarely meaningful or purposeful; uses outdated methods; is often taught by untrained, if well-intentioned, teachers; and erroneously places blame for lack of progress on the student. Fu (1995) suggests that second language learners from the United States are often perceived by teachers as inferior in comparison to English language students who are of a different class. Teacher perceptions of ELLs can affect educational outcomes in a number of ways. This is supported by Harklau (1999) who conducted a study of about 100 ESL/LEP students in a suburban high school in northern California over 3 years. The research compared their experiences in mainstream content classes and ESL classes. She concluded that tracking of ESL learners into low-track content classes can have serious long-term negative educational and occupational consequences. She concludes that much greater interaction between mainstream and ESL teachers is needed. Although teachers in the above studies, were generally found holding ambivalent or inhospitable attitudes (Harklau,1999; Verplaetse,1998), there were notable exceptions. According to Fu (1995), when some teachers were able to achieve curricular goals by allowing the students their own personal and cultural connections to the material, they were gratified by the results. It has been suggested by researchers that a number of factors that could be influential in how teacher attitudes are determined, whether they be welcoming or unwelcoming in nature. Reeves (2004) notes three categories which emerge as preeminent: (a) teacher perceptions of the impact of ELL inclusion on themselves, (b) impact of inclusion on the learning environment, and (c) teacher attitudes and perceptions of ELLs themselves. In a study by Youngs (1999), teachers cite a chronic lack of time to address Ells unique classroom needs. Additionally there exists an apprehension among some teachers based upon the perception that workloads will become unmanageable when ELLs are integrated into the mainstream classes. Verplaetse (1998) adds that some professionals expressed feelings of inadequacy to work with ELLs. The impact of inclusion on the classroom learning environment, has lead to teacher concerns about the possibility that ELLs will in some way hinder class progress through the curri culum (Youngs, 2001), or may even create inequities in educational opportunities for the students as a whole (Platt, Harper, Mendoza, 2003; Reeves, 2004; Schmidt, 2000). More recently subject-area teacher attitudes and perceptions of ELLs have become emergent topics of research, including an unwillingness to work with low-proficiency ELLs as well as misconceptions about the processes of second-language acquisition (Olsen,1997; Reeves, 2004; 2000). Additionally, assumptions about the race and ethnicity (both positive and negative) of ELLs are cited (Harklau, 2000; Valdes, 2001). It is important to note that all of the aforementioned studies were qualitative in nature. Furthermore, the number of teachers as participants was small; few focused primarily upon mainstream teachers. In their quantitative study of 143 middle school teachers, Youngs and Youngs (2001) conducted an investigated the attitudes of mainstream teachers toward ESL students in middle and high schools. In the mainstream, they conclude the most pervasive attitudes toward teaching an ESL student in the mainstream ranged from neutral to slightly positive. Gitlin, Buenda, Crosland, Doumbia (2003) conducted a qualitative study observed 5 ESL teachers, 10 white students, the ESL program director, and a school administrator. Their interviews centered on how these individuals viewed the ESL program, classroom practices, and cultural relations in the school. They identified and analyzed documents on extracurricular participation by ESL students, on school discipline, and on busing policies. In characterizing teacher attitudes, the researchers concluded that Many teachers equate cultural difference with cultural deficiency, a stance that typically leads them to stereotype students as having problem s to fix and may lead to less satisfaction and sense of success in teaching (Gitlin, Buendia, Crosland, Doumbia,2003). In addition to lack of experience and training, matters are compounded by a lack of additional communication with ESL teachers. Attitudes Toward Modification According to Valdes (2001), the growing acceptance of an inclusion model for meeting the needs of ELLs is due at least due in part to an increased emphasis on accountability and standards that has been further driven by what Nieto (2002) asserts is a long history of exclusionary schooling, characterized by programs which are peripheral in nature. Historically, the traditional ESL model placed students in ESL courses where the focus was upon sheltered instruction, and recieved limited access to content-oriented curriculum needed to meet their educational needs or to fulfill graduation requirements. Research however suggests that this approach runs counter to inclusion. Harklaus (1994) study reveals that the ESL instruction which was provided did not match ESL students academic needs in mainstream classrooms and that content-area classrooms were not matched with ESLs needs. Harklau (1994) observes that the curriculum of ESL and mainstream classes was disconnected and that the mainstrea m classes failed to engage ESL students in academic language learning. Echevarria, Vogt and Short (2004) note that programs which are well-implemented, cognitively challenging, not segregated, are key to ESL students academic success. Nieto (2002) adds that education should be adapted or modified to meet the needs of ELLs. For an educational model to be inclusive, it must provide equitable access to curriculum, while simultaneously providing for the multi-lingual array of learners i.e. educational methods must make content understandable for students learning English while remaining effective for English-proficient students. Echevarria, Vogt and Short (2004) however, report that high school content area teachers were seldom found to adjust instruction to make curriculum comprehensible for ELL students. Harklau (1994) observes that ELL students had difficulty understanding certain types of teacher talk: Learners had particular difficulty understanding teacher talk which contained pun s or was sarcastic or ironic . . . Learners were also frustrated with teachers who habitually spoke very fast, who used frequent asides, or who were prone to sudden departures from the instructional topic at hand (Harklau, 1994, p. 249). Youngs (1999) cites that some teachers attitudes concerning modification appeared to stem frustration with lack of time, unclear expectations and lack of collaboration with ELL teachers. Attitudes Toward Professional Development Although ELLs spend the bulk of their time in content-area classrooms, little research has been conducted regarding content-area teachers attitudes toward professional development. Of the research that has been conducted, content-area teachers reported that they had limited experience with ESLs and lacked the necessary training in working with ELLs. This is supported by the findings of Youngs and Youngs (2001) study which concludes few mainstream teachers have been prepared to address the linguistic challenges and cultural differences present in diverse classrooms (Youngs Youngs, 2001, p. 101). In an inclusive model, the majority of the students time during the school day is spent in mainstream classes, with the addition of ESL classes as needed. Nieto (2002) maintains that teachers must possess knowledge of the history of specific cultural groups they are serving in the United States. Additionally adaptation of the curriculum for English language learners is also essential. Nieto m aintains that the teacher must develop competence in pedagogical approaches suitable for different cultural groups in United States schools. Researchers have also reported limited institutional supports such as guidance from the school administrators as well as lack of time and resources. Reeves (2004) study reports most content-area teachers would like to help ELLs but tended to vary in terms of their expectations for ELLs. Research also suggests considerable frustration among content-area teachers, concluding that in addition to lack of experience and training, there is also a lack of additional communication with ESL teachers. Youngs and Youngs (2001) maintain that few mainstream teachers have been prepared to address the linguistic challenges and cultural differences present in diverse classrooms (p. 101). As cited by Reeves (2004), a study by Clair (1995) documents three teachers views of professional development. All three of Clairs participants (Grades 4, 5, and 10) opted out of voluntary in-service workshops on methods of working with ELLs. Among the reasons given for opting out were as follows: One teacher stated that the workshops presented methods and materials that were inappropriate for her classroom, while the other two subject teachers maintained already well prepared to work with ELLs The two remaining teachers, maintained that as experienced teachers of English-proficient students, they were already well prepared to work with ELLs. One possibly insightful comment by one of the teachers was, As far as teaching goes, teaching is the same no matter what kind of kids you have (Clair, 1995, p. 191). Although Clairs (1995) study, tapped data from only a small group of teachers, it provided a rationale for more extensive studies of educators attitudes toward ESL professional development based upon a larger sample. Teacher Attitudes toward Language Acquisition Research indicates that mainstream teachers often lack knowledge in the area of language acquisition. Nieto (2002) maintains that all practicing teachers need to develop knowledge in the areas of: first and second language acquisition and the socio-cultural and sociopolitical context of education in the United States. The degree to which teachers are informed in this area may indeed shape attitudes in regard to ELL learning rate and capacity. In her study, Reeves (2004) survey queried teacher perceptions of the length of time that ESL students needed to acquire English proficiency. Most (71.7%) teachers agreed that ESL students should be able to acquire English within two years of enrolling in U.S. schools (p.137). Teacher perceptions that two years is sufficient for full-language proficiency is not supported by research; this misconception may lead teachers to faulty conclusions concerning ELLs language ability, intelligence, or motivation. Although the average student can develop c onversational fluency within two to five years, research has shown that that developing fluency in more technical, academic language can take from four to seven years. This is dependent on a number of factors such as language proficiency level, age and time of arrival at school, level of academic proficiency in the native language, and the degree of support for achieving academic proficiency (Cummins, 1981, 1996; Hakuta, Butler, Witt, 2000; Thomas Collier, 1997). The review of the research literature has revealed several important factors which shape teachers attitudes of ELLs: knowledge of the history of specific cultural groups they are serving; competence in pedagogical approaches suitable for different cultural groups; depth of knowledge in the area language acquisition; and the communication with the ESL teacher. CHAPTER THREE Statement of the Research Problem Despite the amount of research being conducted in regard to bi-lingual education, there is a lack of information in the educational community regarding teacher attitudes toward including English-language learners in mainstream classrooms. There exists a void in the area of research concerning mainstream teacher perspectives on ELL inclusion. As an array of societal attitudes develop regarding ELLs, so do teacher attitudes. Of particular interest to this researcher are the experiences of secondary teachers, especially within the Long Island region. Because this area, which despite its cultural diversity has received so little attention from the research community, the design of this study has been driven by the need to help remedy that paucity of research by examining secondary mainstream teacher attitudes and perceptions of ELL inclusion from a regional perspective. Instrumentation The instrument used was designed to measure both teacher attitudes and perceptions of the inclusion of ELLs. Its four sections correlate to the aforementioned themes previously discussed. The first section -Section A- addressed teachers attitudes toward ELL and ESL inclusion. A Likert-scale was used to gauge teachers extent of agreement or disagreement with 16 statements presented in relation to that focus area. Section Bmeasured the frequency of various practices and activities among teachers with ELLs in their classrooms, in relation to coursework modification . Section C utilized open-ended questions in concerns which focused upon ELL inclusion. The rationale for this was that open-ended questions allow for more individualized responses, but they are sometimes more difficult to interpret. The Section Dgathered demographic information. I chose to remain faithful to the format of the Reeves study (2004), because unlike the study conducted by Walker, Schafer and Liams (2004), this in strument model utilized multiple statements, rather than a singular item, to gauge teachers attitudes. Teachers strength of agreement or disagreement with survey items was measured with a 4-point, Likert-type scale. Respondents were to read each statement and check the box that most closely represents their opinions, from 1 (strongly agree), 2 (agree), 3 (disagree), or 4 (strongly disagree). The demographic data included such as subject areas, gender, years of teaching experience, and types of ELL training, native language and second-language proficiency. Pilot Study The instrument was subjected to a pilot study utilizing a separate group of 12 high school teachers in summer 2009. The rationale for this was that this group of teachers comprised an appropriate pilot study population because they bear similarities to the subject high school teachers in terms of work environments and scope of responsibilities, yet since they were a distinct group, they would not contaminate the ultimate study population. Because the ages and work experiences of pilot study teachers were similar to those of their counterparts, their reaction to the survey was a useful predictor of the surveys readability and content validity. Definition of terms: Bi-lingual: The ability to speak two languages easily and naturally ESL: English as a second language ELL: English language learner, TESOL: teaching English for speakers of other languages Mainstream: Mainstream in the context of education is a term that refers to classes and/or curricula common to the majority of students. Validity of the Instrument The pilot study was used to assess the surveys readability and as a predictor of content validity. Pilot study participants were asked to complete the following survey. They then answered questions formulated to give them the opportunity to report their attitudes and perceptions of ELL inclusion accurately and fully. This survey uses a 4-point Likert-type scale, 1 (strongly agree), 2 (agree), 3, (disagree), and 4 (strongly disagree). Did the surveys format adequately allow you to express your opinion? If not, explain. Were any items on the survey unclear to you? Indicate and explain if any. Which, if any, items did you find difficult to answer? Indicate and explain if any. In your opinion, which, if any, items on the survey display a bias on the part of the research? Explain. Provide any additional comments that you would like to make. Analysis of respondents comments to the five survey questions was used to reduce the likelihood of any pattern of misunderstanding for any given item and to assess respondents understanding of, or ability to respond to, survey items. Participants and Setting All subject-area teachers from 3 district high schools within a 25 mile radius of this researcher were asked to participate in the survey by mail. The faculties chosen for participation in the study came from the 3 high schools with the largest population of ESL students during the 2008-2009 school year. This was determined by use of public domain resources (www.city-data.com). School A enrolled 24 LEP (limited-English proficiency) students, School B enrolled 26 LEP students, School C enrolled 16 LEP students . This study included high schools with the largest ESL student populations to access the largest number of teachers who had worked with ESL-inclusive class loads. Participants were selected remotely via mail and/or e-mail during the month of July 2009. Data Analysis Survey data was analyzed descriptively. Univariate analyses of the survey data and analyses afforded an examination of the distribution of cases on only one variable at a time (Babbie,1990, p.247) identified participants attitudes and perceptions of ELL inclusion according to the strength of their agreement or disagreement with the survey items. The analyses included percentages, measures of central tendency, and standard deviations. To perform univariate analyses, a numeric value was assigned to each response in the Likert scale-1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (agree), and 4 (strongly agree). Analysis of the numeric data will be performed with SPSS statistical software. Assumptions In the course of the research study, certain assumptions were made. The following are those which were intrinsic to this study: It was assumed that during this study, participants gender would not significantly affect their perceptions. It was assumed that all respondents would answer all survey questions honestly and to the best of their abilities It was assumed that the sample is representative of the population The instrument has validity and has measured the desired constructs.

Changes Throughout The Past East Asia - 1968 Words

In life change happens every day, new becomes old and there a new definition of the present. Change is the consist state of evolving and gain new values to a culture. Change has always been a part of the human race, people evolving to the future, the influence of others and hopes for change of the present state. In history culture have change so much into what they are to do. In the past East Asia have one of the most rapid changes to their society in late 19th and early 20th centuries. A change that brought the new and old together but also caused some tension. They have evolved so much, the country’s themselves, the people, culture, customs and relations. These country live in a constant state of striving to evolve, grow to become†¦show more content†¦A big transition in life and a culture cause excitement but also cause confusion for a person that feels like they are not change with the time. This feeling of confusion in this time of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in East Asia was caused by the transition from one era to another. The change was so immense that for many it was hard to grasp and realize this was the new ideal of the present society. A transition like the one in East Asia was so immense that it cause many people to feel confused, anxious, unsure of their place in society, and uncertain about how to act or feel. They might be living in different countries but they share the share resistant’s to change. This sudden change that happen so quickly is change the way there world once was. It hard to embrace change when you are still holding on to the past. In the short story â€Å"Creation† By Gladys Yang, the main character Junshi is going through this transition with society but he having a hard changing with the times and embracing the new culture. Which leaves him stuck in the middle between this two views. The author writes, â€Å"They should be broad-minded but they concentrate on outside affairs neglecting their duties at home as wives and mothers. Of course traditional ideas are no good, but unfortunately most of them have new-fangled notions which don’t make sense† (creation19). This rapid change in East Asia caused people to be in this in between state of

Introduction To Marketing Mr B Free Essays

Club Cards The creation of the Tests club card was a advantageous idea, but the club card can provide incorrect information about the customer who handles the art and give Tests Mobile the wrong image Of the customer, in terms Of knowing what that customer likes and want when they’re shopping at Tests Mobile. This can occur if the club card is handled by someone else who is not the owner(e. G. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To Marketing Mr B or any similar topic only for you Order Now The owners son), resulting in the actual owner receiving offers and information about things they did not actually purchase. For example lets say the son of the owner of the card it is bought a video game then the actual owner may a lot receive emails/letters about that game or things that are in relation to that game. Tests believe that everything bought on the card is researched by its owner, which is not the case sometimes, resulting in invalid information being produced on the club card. Questionnaires Questionnaires can be helpful for a company when the questions are produced correctly and given to the right people. Questionnaire have a low response rate in general, therefore Tests Mobile shouldn’t have a high expectancy rate of receiving questionnaires back when they send them out to their customers. When questionnaires are posted people tend to just chuck them in the bin because they can’t be bothered filling them in a posting it jack to Tests Mobile, even though they got a Freeport envelope alongside the questionnaire. Due to the lack of response back with questionnaires you wouldn’t be able to generalizes e. If Tests Mobile sent out 3000 questionnaires out and only received 300 back then they would be unable to generalizes. This would make it difficult for Tests Mobile to figure out what merchandise to sell. People may give out false answers on questionnaires because they may just tick any answer or they may be intimidated by the question etc. This would result in Tests Mobile stocking product people do to actually want. When Tests Mobile conduct questionnaires, the ques tions asked are usually closed questions, this is so that it is easier to generalizes and analyses the customer answers. Tests Mobile may also choose to put in leading questions as it gives the person the impression that their opinion is valued. Interviews Having interviews conducted it valuable to Tests Mobile but what is said and what is asked can have limitations. Tests Mobile could invite some of their customers in for an interview and the interviewee could feel intimidated by he interviewer, this Is called the observer effect; resulting in the interviewee hesitating and giving the interviewer the answer they think they want to hear. In addition to this people may feel the need to lie so that they don’t look inferior to the interviewer, and in fact sound more superior. People may be unwilling to tell the truth because they may feel vulnerable this may because they feel they’re being judged on their ethnicity, age, appearance or gender. This likely to become apparent when personal questions are being asked during an interview. For example 21 year old may feel uncomfortable in talking to some who is 65, as they may feel they’re inferior or superior to them. Depending on the type of person interviewed, they may tend to give short answers in order to get the interview over and done with, which could limit the amount of research being collected. Short answers would also make it harder to analyses because there would be enough information. On the other hand the interviewee may be garrulous and feel comfortable with the interviewer and begin to start a conversation which is off-topic; having an effect on the data collected. Having a talkative interviewee could mean that it will be harder to analyses information due to the amount of content they’ve given. If the interviewer answers the questions in the wrong way it could result in incorrect answers, meaning that time and money has been wasted on conducting an interview. Secondary Research Many limitations are involved when using secondary research such as, the date the research was conducted, as it may be out of date when you want to use the research and many companies who provide that data will tend not to eddo market research as it’s already been done. A limitation that may also occur is that you don’t know the exact set of questions that were being asked, as the exact questions aren’t displayed when you buy the secondary data nor are the exact answers. Only the concluding results and the amount of people involved in the market research are given to the buyer. The cost of secondary data can be extremely expensive depending on how recent the research is and the company who’s selling it. How to cite Introduction To Marketing Mr B, Essays

Intro to Music essay Example For Students

Intro to Music essay Floyd is one of the most well-respected and influential rock and roll bands of all time. Pink Floyd brought something new to the table of Rock and Roll. They created a sense of psychedelic hallucinations through their music and the lights they used during their performances. The band did not immediately come up with the name Pink Floyd. The group first went by Sigma 6 then Architectural Bedaubs before finally settling on the name Pink Floyd. Pink Floyd is comprised of four members. Sad Barrett and David Glamour both play guitar and are the vocals of the band. Nick Mason is on drums, while Roger Waters plays bass, synthesizer, and sings some vocals. Rick Wright also plays the keyboard and the synthesizer. Sad Barrett passed away on July 7, 2006 and Rick Wright passed September 15, 2008. All of the other members are still alive today. The early Pink Floyd did not play the music we would expect to hear from them today. In the beginning years of Pink Floyd the band mostly played Blues and Rhythm covers. Sad Barrett created most of Pink Floods early music including the songs including See Emily Play and Arnold Laymen. Pink Floods debut album, Piper at the Gates of Dawn is thought to be their most playful, creative, and whimsical album (Rockwell. Com). A British music magazine Q said Piper at the Gates of Dawn was a defining album in the psychedelic rock and roll submerge of music. The most well-known song from this album was a nine minute long instrumental titled Interstellar Overdrive. Sad Barrett, one of the most significant and important m embers of the band, dug himself into drug filled hole. His intense use of the hallucinogenic drug LSI took him from a brilliant and unique song writer and composer to mentally unstable. Barrett eventually left the band in 1968 and created two of his own albums with the help of his former band members. The albums were titled The Madcap Laughs and the other was self-titled Barrett. These two albums were both very eccentric due to his heavy drug experimentation. Not long after the Barrett album was released Sad Barrett completely disappeared from the music scene. Pink Floyd did dedicate an album to their former band leader called Wish You Were Here in 1975. After losing Barrett, the band replaced him with David Glamour and stayed strong for another fifteen years. The band released a double album titled Managua which I found very interesting. The album had two discs, the first was many of their live performances and the second was and individual piece by each band member. In all, Pink Floyd released eighteen different albums but one album stands out from the rest. In 1973 the band released an album titled Dark Side of the Moon. This album broke all records and stayed on the Top 200 charts for an astonishing seven hundred and forty one weeks! The album was released in 1973 and stayed on the Top 200 chart until 1988. But the band did not stop there. Pink Floyd released another wildly popular album titled The Wall. Roger Waters told Rolling Stones magazine in 1982 that he wanted to make comparisons between rock and roll concerts and war and Intro to Music essay By Journalese Walters, is The idea that we, as individuals, generally find it necessary to avoid or deny the painful aspects of our experience, and often in fact use them as bricks in a wall behind which we may sometimes find shelter The band performed the song Another Brick in the Wall, which has three different parts, twenty four times all over the country, in a very theatrical manner. .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .postImageUrl , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:visited , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:active { border:0!important; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:active , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rap Music causes violence against Women EssayEach time the band performed this song an actual wall was built in front of the band which collapsed at the end of the song. The Wall is said to be the most pessimistic album to ever reach number one. The Wall was the last album put out by Pink Floyd with the four members Waters, Glamour, Wright, and Mason. The Final Cut was released by Pink Floyd in 1983, but Glamour was absent from the album. All of the songs and the music in this album were written by Waters. Glamour had asked Walters to delay the release of the album so he could write a couple of pieces but Waters refused. The album received five stars by Rolling Stones maga zine. Soon after Glamour released a solo album titled About Face. The band broke apart for a few years after that and remained silent until a bitter court battle broke out between members of the band. After that the band ended up releasing two more albums, Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987 and Delicate Sound of Thunder and 1988 without Wright. During the nineties Pink Floyd released The Division Bell and Pulse which went straight to the top of the charts. On July 2, 2005 Pink Floyd performed together for the first time in twenty four ears with the four members Wright, Glamour, Waters, and Mason in Loons Hyde Park.

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Essay Example

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Paper In this essay I will explore the construction of spatial discourses as they inform endured, racial and other ideologically policed senses of cultural identity. The prescribed statement; The questions of home, land, language and cultural expression are central to the constitution of identity, much as awareness of issues of gender, race, class and national identity are integral to the creative construction of liberating postcolonial subjects will be investigated through four stories from her short story collection, The Collector of Treasures (1992). The stories that will be looked at are The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration, Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest, Life and The Wind and a Boy. Each story will be looked at in terms of societal changes; character displacement and exile themes; the clash between encroaching modernism and capitalism (brought about by colonialism and arguably neocolonialism) and tribal traditionalism; and dualities which reveal this clash of value as well as centers relating to control and gender. Because of the nature of her personal life and the themes with which she deals, each story will also be looked at in terms of borders: symbolic, topographic and temporal. Borders, by definition, keep things in as ell as keep things out, and so these raise the questions of space, place and belonging. For this reason, it becomes a postcolonial concern to envisage Heads fictional stories as textual landscapes by which she and the reader are allowed to navigate the potholes of gender, society, and the construction of identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bessie Head had a much-varied life while living in South Africa. She lived as a foster child until she was thirteen years old, studied at a mission school, trained as a teacher, and after a few years teaching, worked as a journalist for a DRIED publication, Golden City post. Head left South Africa and moved to Botswana, where she lived as a refugee for fifteen years (Head 1992:I). The Botswana government refused to grant her citizenship, fearing South African intervention should the exile community expand, and so she was forced to report weekly to the police (Nixon 1996:244). Ender Apartheid she had been the product of an illegal union between a black man and a white woman, and so her sense of cultural identity was pushed to the periphery. Her move to Botswana was not simply promoted by the search for freedom from racial oppression, but for a search of belonging. She had been rootless in South Africa, and unlike other African writers in exile, did not pursue the literary roots to the Northern Hemisphere, but moved to Botswana, one door away from South Africa (Head, cited in Nixon 1996: 243). And so, Heads move to neighboring Botswana reveals in her a belief which permeates her writing, that in being African there exists some essential connection across borders. It was a search as an African for a sense Of historical continuity, a sense of roots (Head cited in Sample 1991: 312). Head gained citizenship in 1 979, only two years after The Collector of Treasures was published. At the time of writing, Head was located firmly in an ambiguous space: not really a citizen of either country, and not really belonging to any particular (or at least recognized) racial grouping. Her concerns are visible in the readings of the short stories to be discussed hereafter. They tell the tales of movement, of a search for identity in the self and in the community. The characters in the stories take space and color for themselves an ideal place using the various modes through which a person knows and constructs a reality (Tuna cited in Sample 1991: 311). Her belief in the continuity of people is revealed, as she says: The least I can say for myself is that I forcefully created for myself under extremely hostile conditions, my ideal life. I took an obscure and almost unknown village in the Southern African bush and made it my own hallowed ground. Here, in the steadiness and peace of my own world, I could dream a little ahead of the somewhat vicious clamor of revolution and the horrible stench of social systems. My work was always tentative because it was always so completely new: it created a new world out of nothing; it brought all minds of people, both literate and semi-literate together, and it did not really qualify who was who everyone had a place in my world (Head cited in Sample 1991:312). Fittingly, the first short story I will deal with is also the first in the collection, and, interestingly, seems to offer some foreshadowing insights into some of the problems that would become a part of later society in post-Nine-/colonial rule and are dealt with in the stories later in the collection. The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration tells the story of a tribe, the people of Monoplane, whose kingdom was somewhere in the central part of Africa Head 1977:1 The ambiguous centrality of the tribe?s location lends itself to the idea that the problems faced by the tribe belonged to or would belong to, in this analysis all the people of Africa, and not simply those of a particular nation or region whose existence was delimited by external and constructed powers of control; borders which, in all reality, created different nations out of the same people. There are a number of themes at play in this story; the ideal community whose subjects really lived identity-less lives under the unquestionable rule of dictated authority, the corruptive power of authority, gender determinism, and finally, the search for home in new lands. Long ago, when the land was only cattle tracks and footpaths, the people lived together like a deep river (1). In the very first sentence, two motifs are introduced: movement and water. The footpaths might refer to a pre- industrial era, one of relative simplicity and free of capitalist influences, but it also might speak to the pattern of migrant and migrant labor forced upon the African people during the period of colonialism, a pattern which would remain one of the most central paradigms of socio-economic living even long after the continent was decolonize. But for now, it could make reference to the central theme of all the stories in this collection and Heads own state of traditionalism: the search for a home in which identity might manifest itself, individually and communally. Water is also an important motif in Heads stories. It comes to represent healing and well-being. In The Deep River the depth and nourishing power of the river is synonymous with the peace and calm of the people, who live together unruffled by conflict or movement forward (1 The tribe is, like the river, a wealth of tradition that returns a kind of stagnation. The river is deep, and not fast, and, like the people, unruffled by Movement forward. Immediately this allows the tribe to be imagined as stuck in its specific ways. This notion is confirmed when the manner in which they live is examined. The people lived without faces, except for their chief, whose face was the face of all the people (1). The people were community orientated, but also without individual identities. The people accepted this regimental leveling down of their individual souls (2) and followed the laws of the land, which were really Monoplanes laws. They could not plough, harvest, pound, boil or ferment the corn without permission, and so their own chief rigidly policed the peoples relationship with the land. This community was in actual fact, less than ideal, a top down power structure that quieted the popular democratic. This dynamic would be one that would become a corrosive and pervasive issue later in history, as colonial forces policed the people and their relationship with the land even more unjustly. The people of Monoplane are citizens who do not assert their democratic rights, are not allowed to assert their democratic rights. This is an important understanding to come to when read against Heads own experiences as a racial outlier in South Africa and a refugee in Botswana. This atmosphere of inertia in their own home is heightened when considering the topographic, symbolic and temporal borders as outlined by Johan Shamanism (2007). As a topographic element the river separates the tribe of Monoplane from other hostile tribes or great dangers, and so removes the possibility of harm. Because the location of the tribe is undisclosed (as this story is an entirely fictionally account of the Bootlace tribes history, as explained by Head (6)) it takes on a generalized quality of nation state borderlines. It becomes a symbolic border when considering the fact that without external contact there is no possibility of progression; the only things that could possibly be pictured outside of their own village is the great possibility of danger. Fear becomes an monopolizing factor and prevents any purport unity for development. The calm of the river and of the people is upset when Subleases right to chieftain comes into question. He admits to having conceived a son with Ranking, his late fathers wife, and takes her and the child as his own. His brothers, Animate and Moslems, are terrified that Subleases child would displace them in seniority and thus get to rule as chief before them, and they urge their brother to renounce both son and wife. When Seeable refuses to do so, they keep on him, and tacitly force him to leave the village. And so from this the corruptive power of authority can be read. Greedily, the brothers would rather force their own brother from his home than be outranked by a baby. Like its spatial positioning in this textual landscape, its temporarily becomes an intrinsic property. It outlines the passage from then into now, from the mime of unquestioning subjectivity under Monoplane to Subleases splinter groups experience later in the land of the Bandwagon people. It is important to note that the only time territory is reckon sized by name and location is here, when the splinter group have relocated and have come into contact with many other tribes like the Phalange, Bake and Boatswains (6). The reader is then allowed to attribute this very fable-like history to a particular people in a particular place and thus understand the power of landscape mapping; our eyes follow the footprints in the text until something s made familiar. The temporal borders in this story convey something about the erosive ability of time, as well as the static and discriminatory notions with regards to gender. The old men there keep on giving confused and contradictory accounts of their origins, but they say they lost their place of birth over a woman (6). The people cannot even remember their own history, and remain resentful that they lost their home, even though the splinter group who decided to leave did so voluntarily. The splinter group, before deciding to join Seeable had already decided that Animate and Moslems [were] at the OTTOMH of all this trouble (5), and yet to this day (6), the men maintain that it was a woman who had done it. This unequivocally shows that women remain the scapegoats of history; that the universal she had somehow poisoned the well from which the would-be mighty ruler had drunk. In a world where women were of no account (3), Seeable is admonished for taking his relationship with his new wife, Ranking, seriously. Ranking, the only female in the story to be mentioned by name, is compared to a child, and, if taken advice from, would negate the legitimacy of Seibel?s rule. Even Rawnesss father tries to convince her that her feelings are simply a passing fancy, that women never know their own minds (4). This is problematic for it implies that women operate on a lower consciousness level than men, if any at all. She responds by asserting other women may not know their minds (5), showing strength of character and will, but is interrupted by her fathers impersonal hand, pointing towards a new husband for her. Ranking, however, decides to leave her new partner and join Seeable on his journey to new lands. Head gives Ranking a voice where there women are denied it, and creates a metaphoric landscape in which women might be able to make themselves heard and exercise control over their own lives (Sample 1992: 311). In my opinion, Ranking becomes the predicate upon which the intrepid women figures later in the collection are drawn from. Much later in their history, the tribe has relocated to the land of the Bandwagon, and the name Teetotal was all they were to retain of their identity as the people of the kingdom of Monoplane (Head 1992: 6). In the language spoken by the tribe of Monoplane, Teetotal meant, all right, you an go (6). The language of their tribe became an integral part of their identity as a community in their new land. The new tribe literally referred to themselves as a dismissal, the notion of the journey a congenital layer in their new make-up. The people have become transnational themselves, with a historical sense of continuity. They are at once still the people of Monoplane, as well as the new people of the Teetotal. The next story in the collection is Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest. In this story the reader becomes very aware of Heads preoccupation with the elites of human nature, of a split between good and bad. This duality manifests itself in the landscape and in the characters and is a representation of the clash of values between encroaching modernism and traditional life. As Head says in The Collector of Treasures there were really only two kinds of men in society (87). Believe this refers literally to her pattern of juxtaposing good and bad men where here, Jacob is set up against Lebanon. Also believe that it may refer to a more universal tendency to refer to society as mankind, where people contain within themselves a fundamental split. In Jacob, Jacob is beautiful and simple and deeply sincere (25) and engages in a life of meagerness. He lives in a simple hut, provides spiritual counsel to the people, takes no donations and places his trust and faith into his children followers, associating him with innocence and child-like goodness. In stark contrast to this, Lebanon is a selfish, greedy man who exploits his followers, lives in a mansion and is believed to indulge in witchcraft, or black magic. This juxtaposition is represented in the landscape where each man lives on a different side of Mangle, Jacob on the sunrise side, and Lebanon on the unset side. Clear images of good and bad, light and dark are set up, and so the split in the town illustrates the split between characters both external and internal. It is the topographic and symbolic border of the text. This binary also characterizes the temporal border of the text; Jacobs passage from a man as Prophet Lebanon (21) into his final and biblical form of goodness. Jacob had owned a beer brewing business, had a beautiful but materialistic wife and two attractive daughters. One night he is robbed and left with only a few hundred rand, when he hears the voice of God, bidding him to do his DOD work. Jacob had heard this voice before, on the night of his parents death. His father was a German man and had married a Montanan woman, and here it is clear that Head inserts some of her ova,JNI ambiguity into Jacob, rendering the split in him as intrinsic. Heads water motif comes into play here again, and its dualities are evident. She spends a page and a half describing the lush landscape of the village, and makes it clear that for Head, Botswana was a place of restorative powers and healing possibilities. The village of Mangle received its yearly quota of twenty-two inches of rain List the rest of the country was smitten by drought (19). A river also borders Mangle, marking the village as a fountain of good fortune and spiritual well-being it is home to two prophets. Drought in Heads stories comes to represent a spiritual barrenness, but this will be discussed later. However, water is also what killed Jacobs parents their car skidded into the river during a heavy downpour. It is als o believed that Lebanon could even make rain (36), tainting the spirituality of Mangles supposed good fortune with the evil of Lebanons black magic. Though it may notation both good and bad properties, it could be argued that if it were not for the death of Jacobs parents, he may never have heard the voice of God, and therefore would not have been pushed into the spiritual journey that resulted in him becoming the good and faithful man he did. This temporal border, Jacobs spiritual journey into selflessness, is also represented by his transition between two kinds of women. His first wife is selfish, greedy and materialistic and leaves him when he invites her to join in Gods work with him. Johanna, his second wife, is a single mother with children and presents the important conventions of traditional life. Just as Ranking is the only woman mentioned by name, so too is Johanna. She is strong willed, driven, and recognized as a real woman (30). And so, on a basic level, Jacobs first wife represents a capitalist society, whilst Johanna represents a traditional one. These values clash and cannot live together inside Jacob, just as Jacob and Lebanon cannot both live in the village. Lebanon becomes a victim of his own villainy and is caught performing a ritual murder. He is sentenced to death and [p]people say the OLL of Lebanon returned from the grave To tell the people whom he awoke at night his fellow ritual murderers to desist from taking the lives of people because of the agony he was suffering now (36). This may serve as a warning against the consequences of a lifestyle of capitalist greed and selfish indulgence. In her characterization and landscape, Head sets up dualities and borders across which people must travel. Though there is minimal physical movement in the story (Jacob travels into Mangle, as do his followers from other villages, including Johanna), the journeys undertaken by the characters come spiritual ones. They are the quests to find meaning and happiness in a traditional society ravaged by exploited capitalist economic infrastructures. This is the search for a cultural identity that is pursued by reconstructing reality through modes Of knowing; a search projected onto the landscape Of the text as characters attempt to cross external and personal borders and thus become actively involved in shaping their own worlds. In Life, an ironic title as the story culminates in the protagonists death, the clash of values between modern and traditional lifestyles are explored, as ell as the gender specific roles and expectations assigned to women. The story opens up with a socio-historical account of the relationship between South Africa and Botswana the borders were first set up between the two countries in 1963 and forced all Botswana citizens back to their country of birth. Head goes on to summarize a heavy flow of foot-traffic between the two countries, as migrant labor was a booming industry. From the first page, Head turns her personal traditionalism into a literary vision to convey a powerful sense of the endless border crossings, of continuation and linkages twine people (Nixon 1996: 244). In the story, Life is one of these people. Having left her village of birth at ten years old, she returns from Johannesburg seventeen years later (Head 1 992: 37). She is therefore a dislocated woman, having lived in the village but having been formed as an individual in the big city. Hers is the story and history of the continent; of forced displacement and the struggle to remained identity. The landscape of this story is not so much a physical one; descriptions of the physical terrain (as in the previous two) hold less symbolic importance than o the landscape of personal spheres of existence and clashing centers. Upon her return to the village, Life is shown to her family yard in the center of the village. With her vitality, extravagance and penchant for a luxurious and free lifestyle, people flock to Lifes center like moths to a flame; %She is going to bring us a little light, the women said among themselves (38). Life picked up her old profession of prostitution and soon the din and riot of a Johannesburg township was duplicated A transistor radio blared the day long. Men and women reeled around drunk (40). Life conceptualizes her new laity through the reconstructive modes of familiarity; by transporting the center of Johannesburg (that which she knows) into the heart of the village she creates in herself and her surrounds a sense of belonging. Lifes identity and life is intimately linked to the preservation of this center of vitality. SEG, the wealthy cattleman, occupies another center of village life, one that represents a new kind of male in the colonial era. He is simultaneously emblematic of the cultural mores and values of traditional village life as well a willing and opportunistic recipient of all things brought to African life by alongside, and enforced by neo-colonialism. As Life acknowledges in him (after he walks into the same bar that she conducts her business of selling herself) ; [h]e was the nearest thing she had seen for a long time to the Johannesburg gangsters she had associated with He same power and control (41). With a silent command he orders Life to his end of the bar, she adheres, and so their spheres come into contact. Sample (1991) suggests that Lifes downfall was due to the fact that Life moved her center into Lessees sphere. I don think that this rings completely true. Lifes center of existence had always revolved around power, money and extravagance, and just like the gangsters she had associated with in Johannesburg Lessee represented these values He was invited into her sphere so that they might control the center together. Life did not have to go home with Lessee that night, but she did so voluntarily. And had Lessee not in fact been at the same time, two kinds of men both traditional and modern Lifes fate may have been different. Lifes movement from her end of the bar to Lessees that night (41 ) delineates the temporal and symbolic borders of the landscape in this story. It suggests the moving of people into different spheres of life (symbolic), as well as Lifes passage into destruction (temporal). When Lessee arrived that night, death walked quietly into the bar (41 ). Lifes center thus becomes one of male control and dominance; He took control of all the money. She had to ask him for it and state what it was to be used for. Then he didnt like the transistor radio blaring the whole day long (41 In Life we see the emergence of a new kind of woman as well, equally influenced by the economic and power opportunities brought about by modernity. The beer-brewing women are a prime example of this. Surrounded but not ruled by the village ethos of simplicity and domestic obedience, they refuse to subscribe to these ideologies; Boyfriends, yes. Husbands, uh, uh, no. Do this! Do that! We want to rule ourselves (39). They are able to differentiate between romantic relationships and self- empowerment, stating that [l]eve is love and money is money (40). For this reason, Life becomes their queen. Michael Faculty writes about space being linked to power, and one can see this in these brave women, who flex the boundaries Of traditional life and create for themselves a world in which they re in control. Life, for a brief time, lives by her husbands rules, but becomes bored by the banality and repetition of daily life. Her vivacious spirit cannot be quieted, and in an act of final rebellion, she coordinates the event that will ultimately result in her death. [A] wild anger was driving her to break out of a way of life that was like death to her (44), and so she makes an appointment with a man at six oclock, even though she knows her husband is at home. She knows the consequences of her action as Lessee warned her at the beginning of their marriage that [I]f oh [Life] go with those men again Ill [Lessee] kill you (43). It seems as though Life wants to be caught, as though she would rather be killed physically than slowly die the spiritual death of a village wife. Alerted to Lifes actions in the yard Of a neighbor, and true to his word, Lessee kills Life with a large knife that he used for slaughtering cattle (45). In this sentence alone the value of women as a commodity to be consumed or destroyed is highlighted. She is no better than a cow, one that might earlier have been the prize of his herd, but now must be destroyed and swallowed whole without a thought. Speaking to Lessees position as a new colonial male and the unfair gender balance is Lessees sentence. The judge was a white man, and therefore not involved in Tsarina custom and its debates (46), and reacted sympathetically to Lessee who remained calm and diplomatic during his trial. Undoubtedly the judge was able to identify with these characteristics, which must have marked Lessee as a man of a new era. Lessee received only five years imprisonment. Heads comment on the gender imbalance is elucidated when compared to Diesels situation in The Collector of Treasures; she received a life sentence for committing the same crime. Once again Heads tacit monomania for dualities and the split self becomes clear. Contrasts are drawn between Life and the other village women. Even the beer-brewers, who admire her, remain somewhat removed, as they hadnt fallen that low yet (40). These clashes of values can be seen in a light similar to the clash between Jacob and Lebanon. Just as the two men could not both live in the village, neither could Life nor Lessee. He is a man split by down the middle by traditional village predicates and the greed of modern life, while she is a fire that eventually burns herself out rather than be tamed. The space Head creates in the textual landscape of this narrative is one of contested places of power, belonging and identity. Life and Lessee want to, at the same time, inhabit their individual spheres as well as share one together. Fee compromises while Lessee does not. Although physically they share the same space, they have each ascribed to it a different notion of life, happiness and identity. Their centers fight for control, and, as commented by Lessees friend at the end of the story, rivers never cross here (46). If we take into account Heads motif of water as life and healing, then both Life and Lessee re their own rivers, determining the health and direction of their own lives. They can never meet and remain individual rivers, because the current of one will always be stronger than the other. Heads experience as a transnational, attempting to create an ideal life in new spaces is illuminated in this tale of migration and of crossed borders.